Farfesa Moran Bercovici da Dr. Valeri Frumkin sun ƙera fasaha mai arha don kera ruwan tabarau na gani, kuma yana yiwuwa a samar da abin kallo ga ƙasashe masu tasowa da yawa waɗanda ba a samun abubuwan kallo.Yanzu, NASA ta ce ana iya amfani da ita wajen kera na'urorin hangen nesa
Kimiyya yawanci yana ci gaba a cikin ƙananan matakai.Ana ƙara ɗan ƙaramin bayani ga kowane sabon gwaji.Yana da wuya cewa ra'ayi mai sauƙi da ke bayyana a cikin kwakwalwar masanin kimiyya ya haifar da babban nasara ba tare da amfani da wata fasaha ba.Amma wannan shi ne abin da ya faru da injiniyoyi biyu na Isra'ila waɗanda suka ƙirƙira sabuwar hanyar kera ruwan tabarau.
Tsarin yana da sauƙi, arha kuma daidai, kuma yana iya yin tasiri sosai akan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar duniya.Hakanan yana iya canza fuskar binciken sararin samaniya.Domin tsara shi, masu binciken suna buƙatar farar allo kawai, alamar alama, gogewa da ɗan sa'a.
Farfesa Moran Bercovici da Dr. Valeri Frumkin daga Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Technion-Isra’ila da ke Haifa sun ƙware kan injiniyoyin ruwa, ba na gani ba.Amma shekara daya da rabi da ta wuce, a wajen taron masu lashe lambar yabo ta duniya da aka yi a birnin Shanghai, Berkovic ya yi zama da David Ziberman, masanin tattalin arziki na Isra'ila.
Zilberman ya lashe lambar yabo ta Wolf, kuma yanzu a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, ya yi magana game da bincikensa a kasashe masu tasowa.Bercovici ya bayyana gwajin ruwansa.Sai Ziberman ya yi tambaya mai sauƙi: "Za ku iya amfani da wannan don yin gilashin?"
"Lokacin da kuke tunanin kasashe masu tasowa, yawanci kuna tunanin zazzabin cizon sauro, yaki, yunwa," in ji Berkovic."Amma Ziberman ya ce wani abu da ban sani ba kwata-kwata - mutane biliyan 2.5 a duniya suna bukatar tabarau amma ba za su iya samun su ba.Wannan lamba ce mai ban mamaki."
Bercovici ya koma gida ya gano cewa wani rahoto daga dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya ya tabbatar da wannan adadi.Ko da yake farashin dala kaɗan ne kawai don yin gilashin guda biyu, ba a kera ko sayar da gilashin arha a yawancin sassan duniya.
Tasirin yana da yawa, tun daga yaran da ba sa iya ganin allo a makaranta zuwa manya wadanda idanunsu ke tabarbare har suka rasa ayyukan yi.Baya ga cutar da rayuwar jama'a, an kiyasta farashin tattalin arzikin duniya ya kai dalar Amurka tiriliyan uku a kowace shekara.
Bayan tattaunawar, Berkovic ya kasa barci da dare.Lokacin da ya isa Technion, ya tattauna wannan batu tare da Frumkin, wanda ya kasance mai bincike na postdoctoral a dakin gwaje-gwajensa a lokacin.
"Mun zana harbi a kan farar kuma muka duba," in ji shi."Mun sani a hankali cewa ba za mu iya ƙirƙirar wannan sifar tare da fasahar sarrafa ruwa ba, kuma muna son gano dalilin."
Siffar siffa ita ce ginshiƙin na'urorin gani saboda ruwan tabarau an yi su ne.A ka'idar, Bercovici da Frumkin sun san cewa za su iya yin zagaye na dome daga polymer (ruwa wanda ya ƙarfafa) don yin ruwan tabarau.Amma ruwa zai iya zama mai siffar zobe a cikin ƙananan juzu'i.Lokacin da suka fi girma, nauyi zai tattara su cikin kududdufi.
"Don haka abin da za mu yi shi ne kawar da nauyi," in ji Bercovici.Kuma haka shi da Frumkin suka yi.Bayan nazarin farantin su Frumkin ya zo da wani ra'ayi mai sauƙi, amma ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ba wanda ya riga ya yi tunaninsa - idan an sanya ruwan tabarau a cikin ɗakin ruwa, za a iya kawar da tasirin nauyi.Abin da kawai za ku yi shi ne tabbatar da cewa ruwan da ke cikin ɗakin (wanda ake kira buoyant liquid) yana da yawa iri ɗaya da polymer wanda aka yi ruwan tabarau, sannan polymer zai yi iyo.
Wani abu mai mahimmanci shi ne amfani da ruwa guda biyu maras misaltuwa, wanda ke nufin ba za su haɗu da juna ba, kamar mai da ruwa."Mafi yawan polymers sun fi kama da mai, don haka ruwan 'ya'yan itace namu shine ruwa," in ji Bercovici.
Amma saboda ruwa yana da ƙananan yawa fiye da polymers, dole ne a ƙara yawan yawansa don haka polymer zai yi iyo.Har ila yau, masu binciken sun yi amfani da kayan da ba su da yawa - gishiri, sukari ko glycerin.Bercovici ya ce bangaren karshe na wannan tsari shi ne tsayayyen firam wanda ake allurar polymer a ciki ta yadda za a iya sarrafa nau'insa.
Lokacin da polymer ya kai siffarsa ta ƙarshe, ana warkewa ta amfani da hasken ultraviolet kuma ya zama ruwan tabarau mai ƙarfi.Don yin firam ɗin, masu binciken sun yi amfani da bututu mai sauƙi mai sauƙi, a yanka a cikin zobe, ko abincin petri da aka yanke daga ƙasa."Kowane yaro zai iya yin su a gida, kuma ni da 'ya'yana mata mun yi wasu a gida," in ji Bercovici.“A tsawon shekaru, mun yi abubuwa da yawa a dakin gwaje-gwaje, wasu daga cikinsu suna da sarkakiya, amma ko shakka babu wannan shi ne abu mafi sauki kuma mafi sauki da muka yi.Wataƙila mafi mahimmanci. "
Frumkin ya kirkiro harbinsa na farko a ranar da ya yi tunanin mafita."Ya aiko mani hoto akan WhatsApp," Berkovic ya tuna."A baya-bayan nan, wannan ƙaramin tabarau ne mara kyau, amma mun yi farin ciki sosai."Frumkin ya ci gaba da nazarin wannan sabuwar ƙirƙira.“Kimanin ya nuna cewa da zarar ka cire nauyi, ba kome ko firam ɗin ya kai centimita ɗaya ko kilomita ɗaya;dangane da adadin kayan, koyaushe za ku sami siffa iri ɗaya.”
Masu binciken biyu sun ci gaba da yin gwaji tare da sinadari na sirri na ƙarni na biyu, guga na mop, kuma sun yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar ruwan tabarau mai diamita na 20 cm wanda ya dace da na'urar hangen nesa.Farashin ruwan tabarau yana ƙaruwa tare da diamita, amma tare da wannan sabuwar hanyar, ba tare da la'akari da girman ba, duk abin da kuke buƙata shine polymer mai arha, ruwa, gishiri (ko glycerin), da ƙirar zobe.
Lissafin sinadaren yana nuna babban canji a hanyoyin samar da ruwan tabarau na gargajiya wanda ya kasance kusan baya canzawa tsawon shekaru 300.A cikin matakin farko na tsarin gargajiya, gilashin gilashi ko farantin filastik yana ƙasa da injiniya.Misali, lokacin kera ruwan tabarau na kallo, kusan kashi 80% na kayan sun lalace.Yin amfani da hanyar da Bercovici da Frumkin suka tsara, maimakon niƙa daskararrun kayan, ana yin allurar ruwa a cikin firam, ta yadda za a iya kera ruwan tabarau a cikin tsari mara ɓatanci.Hakanan wannan hanyar ba ta buƙatar gogewa, saboda yanayin tashin hankali na ruwa na iya tabbatar da ƙasa mai santsi sosai.
Haaretz ya ziyarci dakin gwaje-gwaje na Technion, inda dalibin digiri na biyu Mor Elgarisi ya nuna tsarin.Ya zuba polymer a cikin zobe a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin ruwa, ya haskaka shi da fitilar UV, sannan ya ba ni safofin hannu biyu na tiyata.A tsanake na tsoma hannuna cikin ruwan na ciro ledar."Shi ke nan, aikin ya ƙare," Berkovic ya yi ihu.
Ruwan tabarau suna da santsi sosai don taɓawa.Wannan ba kawai ji na zahiri ba ne: Bercovici ya ce ko da ba tare da gogewa ba, ƙarancin ruwan tabarau da aka yi ta amfani da hanyar polymer bai kai nanometer ɗaya ba (biliyan ɗaya na mita)."Dakarun yanayi suna haifar da halaye masu ban mamaki da kansu, kuma suna da 'yanci," in ji shi.Akasin haka, gilashin gani yana gogewa zuwa nanometer 100, yayin da aka goge madubin tutar NASA ta James Webb Space Telescope zuwa nanometer 20.
Amma ba kowa ba ne ya yi imanin cewa wannan kyakkyawar hanyar za ta zama mai ceton biliyoyin mutane a duniya.Farfesa Ady Arie daga Makarantar Injiniyan Lantarki ta Jami’ar Tel Aviv ya yi nuni da cewa, hanyar Bercovici da Frumkin na bukatar wani nau’i na madauwari wanda ake allurar polymer ruwa a ciki, ita kanta polymer da fitilar ultraviolet.
"Ba a samun waɗannan a ƙauyukan Indiya," in ji shi.Wani batu kuma wanda ya kafa SPO Precision Optics kuma mataimakin shugaban R&D Niv Adut da babban masanin kimiyyar kamfanin Dr. Doron Sturlesi (dukansu sun saba da aikin Bercovici) shine cewa maye gurbin tsarin niƙa tare da simintin filastik zai sa ya zama da wahala a daidaita ruwan tabarau ga ruwan tabarau. bukatun.Mutanenta.
Berkovic bai firgita ba."Suki wani muhimmin bangare ne na kimiyya, kuma saurin bunkasuwarmu a cikin shekarar da ta gabata ya fi yawa saboda masana da suka tura mu zuwa ga ginshiƙi," in ji shi.Game da yuwuwar masana'antu a yankunan da ke nesa, ya kara da cewa: “Kayan aikin da ake bukata don kera tabarau ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya na da yawa;kuna buƙatar masana'antu, injuna, da masu fasaha, kuma muna buƙatar mafi ƙarancin kayayyakin more rayuwa ne kawai."
Bercovici ya nuna mana fitulun hasken ultraviolet guda biyu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwajensa: “Wannan na Amazon ne kuma farashin $4, ɗayan kuma daga AliExpress kuma farashin $1.70 ne.Idan ba ku da su, kuna iya amfani da Sunshine koyaushe, ”in ji shi.Me game da polymers?“Ana siyar da kwalbar 250 ml akan $16 akan Amazon.Matsakaicin ruwan tabarau yana buƙatar 5 zuwa 10 ml, don haka farashin polymer ba shine ainihin dalili ba.
Ya jaddada cewa hanyarsa ba ta buƙatar yin amfani da gyare-gyare na musamman ga kowane lambar ruwan tabarau, kamar yadda masu sukar suka yi ikirari.Wani nau'i mai sauƙi ya dace da kowane lambar ruwan tabarau, ya bayyana: "Bambanci shine adadin polymer da aka yi wa allurar, kuma don yin silinda don gilashin, abin da ake bukata shi ne a shimfiɗa ƙura kaɗan kaɗan."
Bercovici ya ce kawai bangaren tsada na tsarin shine sarrafa kansa na allurar polymer, wanda dole ne a yi shi daidai gwargwadon adadin ruwan tabarau da ake buƙata.
"Mafarkinmu shine mu sami tasiri a cikin ƙasa tare da mafi ƙarancin albarkatun," in ji Bercovici.Ko da yake ana iya kawo gilashin arha zuwa ƙauyuka marasa galihu-duk da cewa ba a kammala wannan ba-shirinsa ya fi girma.“Kamar irin wannan sanannen karin magana, ba na son in ba su kifi, ina so in koya musu yadda ake kifi.Ta haka ne mutane za su yi nasu gilashin,” inji shi.“Zai yi nasara?Lokaci ne kawai zai ba da amsar.”
Bercovici da Frumkin sun bayyana wannan tsari a cikin wata kasida kimanin watanni shida da suka gabata a bugu na farko na Flow, wata mujalla ta aikace-aikacen injiniyoyin ruwa da Jami'ar Cambridge ta buga.Amma ƙungiyar ba ta da niyyar tsayawa akan ruwan tabarau masu sauƙi.Wata takarda da aka buga a mujallar Optica makonnin da suka gabata ta bayyana wata sabuwar hanya ta kera hadadden kayan aikin gani a fagen na'urorin gani na kyauta.Wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi gani ba su kasance masu dunkulewa ba kuma ba su da ma'ana, amma an yi su ne zuwa wani wuri na topographic, kuma haske yana haskakawa saman wurare daban-daban don cimma tasirin da ake so.Ana iya samun waɗannan abubuwan a cikin gilashin multifocal, kwalkwali na matukin jirgi, tsarin injina na ci gaba, tsarin kama-da-wane da haɓaka gaskiya, da sauran wurare.
Samar da kayan aikin kyauta ta amfani da hanyoyi masu ɗorewa yana da rikitarwa kuma yana da tsada saboda yana da wuyar niƙa da goge yankin su.Don haka, waɗannan abubuwan a halin yanzu suna da iyakacin amfani."Akwai wallafe-wallafen ilimi game da yiwuwar amfani da irin waɗannan abubuwan, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana wannan a aikace-aikace masu amfani ba," in ji Bercovici.A cikin wannan sabuwar takarda, ƙungiyar dakin gwaje-gwajen da Elgarisi ke jagoranta ta nuna yadda za a sarrafa sigar da aka ƙirƙira lokacin da ake allurar ruwa ta polymer ta hanyar sarrafa nau'in firam.Ana iya ƙirƙirar firam ɗin ta amfani da firinta na 3D."Ba ma yin abubuwa da guga na mop kuma, amma har yanzu abu ne mai sauqi," in ji Bercovici.
Omer Luria, injiniyan bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya yi nuni da cewa wannan sabuwar fasaha na iya samar da ruwan tabarau da sauri musamman masu santsi tare da yanayi na musamman."Muna fatan zai iya rage tsada da lokacin samar da hadaddun kayan aikin gani," in ji shi.
Farfesa Arie yana ɗaya daga cikin masu gyara na Optica, amma bai shiga cikin nazarin labarin ba."Wannan aiki ne mai kyau," in ji Ali na binciken."Domin samar da filaye na gani na aspheric, hanyoyin na yanzu suna amfani da ƙira ko bugu na 3D, amma hanyoyin biyu suna da wahala a ƙirƙiri isassun santsi da manyan filaye a cikin ingantaccen lokaci."Arie ya yi imanin cewa sabuwar hanyar za ta taimaka ƙirƙirar samfuri na 'yanci na abubuwan da suka dace."Don samar da masana'antu da yawa na sassa, yana da kyau a shirya molds, amma don gwada sababbin ra'ayoyin da sauri, wannan hanya ce mai ban sha'awa da kyau," in ji shi.
SPO na ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni na Isra'ila a fagen samar da sifofi kyauta.A cewar Adut da Sturlesi, sabuwar hanyar tana da fa'ida da rashin amfani.Sun ce yin amfani da robobi yana iyakance yiwuwar saboda ba su dawwama a matsanancin zafi kuma ikonsu na samun isasshen inganci a duk faɗin launi yana iyakance.Dangane da fa'idar, sun yi nuni da cewa, fasahar na da damar rage tsadar tsadar hadadden ruwan tabarau na roba, wadanda ake amfani da su a dukkan wayoyin hannu.
Adut da Sturlesi sun kara da cewa, ta hanyoyin kera al'ada, diamita na lensin robobi yana da iyaka saboda girman girman su, ba su zama daidai ba.Sun ce, bisa ga hanyar Bercovici, kera ruwan tabarau a cikin ruwa na iya hana murdiya, wanda zai iya haifar da abubuwa masu ƙarfi sosai-ko dai a fagen ruwan tabarau mai siffar zobe ko kuma ruwan tabarau na kyauta.
Babban aikin da ba a zata ba na ƙungiyar Technion shine zaɓi don samar da babban ruwan tabarau.Anan, komai ya fara ne da zance na bazata da kuma tambayar butulci."Abin da ya shafi mutane ne," in ji Berkovic.Lokacin da ya tambayi Berkovic, yana gaya wa Dr. Edward Baraban, masanin kimiyya na NASA, cewa ya san aikin da yake yi a Jami'ar Stanford, kuma ya san shi a Jami'ar Stanford: "Kuna tsammanin za ku iya yin irin wannan ruwan tabarau don na'urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya. ?”
"Ya yi kama da ra'ayi mahaukaci," Berkovic ya tuna, "amma an buga shi sosai a raina."Bayan da aka kammala gwajin gwajin cikin nasara, masu bincike na Isra'ila sun gane cewa za a iya amfani da hanyar a cikin Yana aiki kamar yadda yake a sararin samaniya.Bayan haka, zaku iya cimma yanayin microgravity a can ba tare da buƙatar ruwa mai ƙarfi ba."Na kira Edward kuma na ce masa, yana aiki!"
Na'urorin hangen nesa na sararin samaniya suna da fa'ida sosai akan na'urorin hangen nesa na ƙasa saboda gurɓatar yanayi ko haske ba ta shafe su.Babbar matsalar da ke tattare da samar da na’urorin na’urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya ita ce girmansu ya takaita ne da girman na’urar harba.A duniya, na'urorin hangen nesa a halin yanzu suna da diamita har zuwa mita 40.Na'urar hangen nesa ta Hubble tana da madubin diamita na mita 2.4, yayin da James Webb Telescope yana da madubin diamita na mita 6.5 - ya dauki shekaru 25 masana kimiyya kafin cimma wannan nasarar, wanda ya ci dalar Amurka biliyan 9, wani bangare saboda tsarin yana buƙatar zama. wanda aka kirkira wanda zai iya harba na'urar hangen nesa a wuri mai ninke sannan kuma ta atomatik bude shi a sarari.
A gefe guda, Liquid ya riga ya kasance cikin yanayin "nanne".Misali, zaku iya cika mai watsawa da karfe mai ruwa, ƙara injin allura da zoben faɗaɗa, sannan ku yi madubi a sararin samaniya."Wannan ruɗi ne," in ji Berkovic."Mahaifiyata ta tambaye ni, 'Yaushe za ku shirya?Na ce mata, 'Wataƙila a cikin kusan shekaru 20.Ta ce ba ta da lokacin jira.”
Idan wannan mafarki ya zama gaskiya, yana iya canza makomar binciken sararin samaniya.A yau, Berkovic ya yi nuni da cewa, dan Adam ba su da ikon yin kallo kai tsaye da taurarin sararin samaniya a wajen tsarin hasken rana, domin yin hakan na bukatar na'urar hangen nesa ta duniya mai girma sau 10 fiye da na'urorin da ake da su, wanda ba zai taba yiwuwa ba da fasahar da ake da su.
A daya bangaren kuma, Bercovici ya kara da cewa, jirgin Falcon Heavy, wanda a halin yanzu shi ne mafi girman harba sararin samaniyar SpaceX, yana iya daukar ruwa mai tsayin kubik 20.Ya yi bayanin cewa a ka’idar, Falcon Heavy za a iya amfani da shi wajen harba ruwa zuwa wani wuri, inda za a yi amfani da ruwan wajen yin madubin diamita mai tsawon mita 75—yankin saman da hasken da aka tara zai ninka na karshen sau 100. .James Webb na'urar hangen nesa.
Wannan mafarki ne, kuma zai ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin a gane shi.Amma NASA tana ɗaukarsa da mahimmanci.Tare da tawagar injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya daga cibiyar bincike ta Ames ta NASA, karkashin jagorancin Balaban, ana kokarin gwada fasahar a karon farko.
A karshen watan Disamba, za a aike da wani tsarin da tawagar dakin gwaje-gwaje na Bercovici suka kirkira zuwa tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa, inda za a gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da dama don baiwa 'yan sama jannati damar kera da kuma warkar da ruwan tabarau a sararin samaniya.Kafin haka, za a gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a Florida a wannan karshen mako don gwada yuwuwar samar da ingantattun ruwan tabarau a ƙarƙashin microgravity ba tare da buƙatar kowane ruwa mai buoyant ba.
Gwajin na'urar hangen nesa na Fluid (FLUTE) an gudanar da shi a kan wani jirgin sama mai rahusa - duk kujerun wannan jirgin an cire su don horar da 'yan sama jannati da harbin sifiri-nauyi a cikin fina-finai.Ta hanyar motsa jiki a cikin nau'i na antiparabola-hawan hawa sannan kuma faɗuwa da yardar rai-an halicci yanayin microgravity a cikin jirgin na ɗan gajeren lokaci."Ana kiransa 'vomit comet' saboda kyakkyawan dalili," in ji Berkovic da murmushi.Faɗuwar kyauta tana ɗaukar kusan daƙiƙa 20, wanda nauyin jirgin ya kusa da sifili.A cikin wannan lokacin, masu binciken za su yi ƙoƙarin yin ruwan tabarau na ruwa tare da yin aunawa don tabbatar da cewa ingancin ruwan tabarau yana da kyau, sannan jirgin ya zama madaidaiciya, nauyin nauyi ya dawo cikakke, kuma ruwan tabarau ya zama kududdufi.
An tsara gwajin jirage biyu a ranakun Alhamis da Juma'a, kowanne yana da parabolas 30.Bercovici da yawancin membobin ƙungiyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, gami da Elgarisi da Luria, da Frumkin daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts za su halarta.
A lokacin ziyarar da na kai dakin gwaje-gwaje na Technion, an yi farin ciki sosai.Akwai akwatunan kwali guda 60 a ƙasa, waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙananan kayan aiki 60 da aka yi da kansu don gwaji.Luria yana yin gyare-gyare na ƙarshe da na ƙarshe na ƙarshe ga tsarin gwaji na kwamfuta wanda ya haɓaka don auna aikin ruwan tabarau.
A lokaci guda, ƙungiyar tana gudanar da darussan lokaci kafin lokuta masu mahimmanci.Tawagar ɗaya ta tsaya a wurin tare da agogon gudu, sauran kuma suna da daƙiƙa 20 don yin harbi.A kan jirgin da kansa, yanayin zai zama mafi muni, musamman bayan faɗuwar kyauta da yawa da ɗagawa sama a ƙarƙashin ƙarar nauyi.
Ba ƙungiyar Technion kadai ke farin ciki ba.Baraban, shugaban masu binciken gwajin sarewa na NASA, ya shaida wa Haaretz cewa, “Hanyar gyaran ruwa na iya haifar da na’urar hangen nesa mai karfin gaske tare da budewar dubun ko ma daruruwan mitoci.Alal misali, irin waɗannan na'urorin na'urar hangen nesa suna iya kallon kewayen wasu taurari kai tsaye.Planet, yana sauƙaƙa bincike mai zurfi game da yanayinta, kuma yana iya ma gano manyan siffofi na saman.Wannan hanyar na iya haifar da wasu aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya, kamar ingantattun kayan aikin gani don girbi makamashi da watsawa, kayan aikin kimiyya, da kayan aikin likitanci Masana'antar sararin samaniya-don haka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar tattalin arzikin sararin samaniya."
Ba da daɗewa ba kafin ya hau jirgin sama ya shiga sha'awar rayuwarsa, Berkovic ya dakata na ɗan lokaci cikin mamaki."Na ci gaba da tambayar kaina dalilin da yasa ba wanda ya yi tunanin wannan a baya," in ji shi.“A duk lokacin da na je taro, ina jin tsoron kada wani ya tashi ya ce wasu masu bincike na Rasha sun yi hakan shekaru 60 da suka shige.Bayan haka, wannan hanya ce mai sauƙi. "
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-21-2021